╨╧рб▒с>■  ■                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ▄еhcр e╙".╙,ю,юю,ю,ю,ю,ю,------ --$-E"-"-"-"-"-"-"-"-"-$-$-$-$-$-$-i-X┴-N$-ю,"-"-"-"-"-$-"-ю,ю,"-"-"-"-"-"-ю,"-ю,"-"-@╝ЎГб╟╛--ю,ю,ю,ю,"-"-"-"-Oracle Parallel Server Ц working notes for full-day tutorial. Part 1: What is the Oracle Parallel Server (OPS) An overview of the Parallel Server Option - introducing the idea of multiple instances addressing one set of data files, independent log files and the problems of synchronization. Multiple instances, one database Each instance runs on its own independent machine All instances see all files Ц usually raw (logical) volumes Each instance writes its own log files, but needs to be able to read othersТ in case of crash recovery Requires co-operation between instances as to who may change the contents of a file (buffer) Requires co-operation about objects being unchanged during parse steps. Introduction of a distributed lock manager (DLM) - O/S in 7.3, folded into Oracle in 8.0 Oracle locks only rows - the DLM locks multiple blocks Needs a method of passing blocks - write to disc in 7.3 and 8.0, some down high-speed channel in 8.1 Needs to see all archived redo on media recovery - include %t, or %T in archive name to give instance number and make archived log files unique. Part 2: Why Use OPS Given that there are features to OPS which promise trouble ahead, why would anyone want to use it, and what types of database activity would be suitable candidates for OPS. OPS for resilience - one failed instance does not stop the system (for long) Speed up- getting very large jobs completed more rapidly Scale up - allowing more concurrent users to run small jobs Resilience: Instances are always in communication with each other; if one instance determines that another has died, it can clean up the mess - freeing up the DLM locks, reading the other instanceТs redo and rolling forward and backwards - implies the database is never down, just a few connections broken from time to time. Various methods for making instances transparent to front-ends. One option (slightly frowned on by Oracle Corp) is to make all instances the same name, and let the O/S handle it. Speed up: Large jobs completing more rapidly - the Oracle parallel server can be employed across parallel instances - basically throw more power at the system. Ultimate bottlenecks may be I/O channels into a box: many boxes => many channels => greater throughput. Pretty spurious reason these days. Scale up: Very large numbers of users - ultimately the bottleneck is that some parts of Oracle are necessarily single-threading, controlled by latches in the SGA. By putting up multiple SGAs we eliminate the process latches. Part 3: MPP and DLM A high-level view of massively parallel (or share-nothing) architecture and why this imposes special requirements for cache management. An outline of how distributed lock management works, and how this allows Oracle to handle Parallel Cache Management, and dictionary cache coherency. Hash Mastering - lock Migrating masters - how do you know where they are ? e.g. dynamic locks for rowcache ? Explain dlm resources and dlm locks. Comment on rule of thumb for non-PCM locks as 2 x resouces being reasonable only if rowcache is randomly mastered across all instances. Oracle 8 = generic DLM => process level code, Oracle 7 usually hardware supplier => O/S level code, therefore no task-switch needed. Part 4: Setting up the database The init.ora parameters that are most relevant to OPS, and how to use them. This will cover both Oracle 7 and Oracle 8 parameters. In particular the significance of gc_files_to_locks, and fine-grain locking; private rollback segments and redo logging. Watch out for MAXINSTANCES - dictates size of control file - also maximum instance id, not maximum number of concurrent instances. Some parameters can vary across instances, some must be identical. PCM locks vs non-PCM locks Gc_files_to_locks - what happens if you add a file - need to bounce WHOLE database as the parameter must be the same over all instances. TEMPORARY, and RBS tablespaces are different - watch out for fine-grain locks. Hash-locks are permanently and statically allocated - a block which is a special block can get 2 locks associated - one the hash lock, and one the dynamic lock e.g. a segment header lock. However the hash lock is never taken as Oracle recognises the class type. Insufficient resources in version 7 result in a crash - insufficient resource in version 8 means the SGA gets pirated for memory (if the O/S can take it). Reports in alert.log - DYNAMIC RESOURCES ALLOCATED DYNAMIC LOCKS ALLOCATED Part 5: Documented Issues and features Some of the more common problems of OPS - pinging; recovery, startup and shutdown; and some of the enhancements in Oracle which aim to address problems of OPS - free list groups, reverse key indexes. Pinging - One DLM lock covers 100 blocks - instance 2 wants to edit a block, so has to acquire exclusive lock on lock element. If it can then the instance holding that lock must write out any dirty blocks under that lock Oracle 8.1 promised high-speed channel - indication of improvement of technology that it can take it - but even so this could be (a) a lot of blocks down the wire, or (b) one block down the wire and a several to disc. Instance recovery - freezes the system whilst it happens. Adding new nodes to the system is typically a major event. The DLM usually has to be stopped and restarted. Bringing up each instance is slow compared to Exclusive instances as statically allocated DLM locks are pre-registered. NB: Trace a database startup and see how many things happen which require DLM locks, especially a concern when a large number of files is involved. Part 6: Monitoring OPS The special v$ (or GV$) views that are especially relevant to OPS; what they can be used for , what they tell you, and how much they can be trusted. Particular emphasis will be placed on the Oracle 8.0 views, which have been enhanced quite considerably over the Oracle 7.3 views. The most important features are: pinging - by file and by class. Time taken for lock conversions Cross-instance calls Some views have to be created by scripts in v7 - exist on v$/x$ on v8, e.g. v$file_ping, v$class_ping Part 7: Side-effects There are a number of СunexpectedТ effects that appear in large systems when the Oracle Parallel Server is combined with other advanced options. Partition Views introduce problems of parse locks, Parallel Query introduces overheads in inter-node communications and special checkpoints, Partitioned tables introduce overheads into dictionary cache coherency. Non-PCM locks can become more of a bottleneck than pinging. There are activities which take virtually no time in Exclusive which are much slower in Parallel Server because internal pins are changed to external DLM lock calls: e.g. during parsing, no instance may drop an object involved in the parse, so the relevant Rowcache item has to be locked via a DLM lock. Rowcache locks are Сpseudo-dynamicТ non-PCM locks, the first one to load its cache becomes the resource owner. Each parse of the partition view takes lots of locks. If running PQ then each slave demands lots of locks from the owner - big trouble if one instance owns them all. DLM-Locks needed = worst case of DLM-resources x number of (simultaneously) parallel instances instead of average 2 x instances. Starting the database is very slow in OPS because of the DLM lock allocation, and the checkpointing, file-header activity that takes place. Part 8: Strategies A few design strategies and hints at the physical build level that may help to reduce the overhead and hassle of managing a Parallel Server system Fixed extent sizes - beware of the effects multiple free list groups, and PQ trimming minimum extent t/s option in v8, event 10901 in v7 reverse key indexes - rare options for use partitioned tables/views for disjoint inserts - artificial Hash tables with own hash function Multiple copies of sequences Ц or handle the side-effects Private rollback segments Instance-specific extents in objects Part 9: Conclusion A brief review of the good and bad points of OPS, features to take advantage of, and features to treat with caution. бд╨/ер=жзиайакpF[┌ я ▓кш√ $ I"]"╙"э"¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤√u]>p$%Fx┤x└P╡F[ WР╠═╚ ╔ ў ° ┌ я %|},-▓╙╥╙VWЪ╡╢ПР■№············№·ЎЎЎ······№········№·········╨,РЧШKhБВкtuаїTU/0jk╪┘чш>^~УФ·√╢╖YZГД $ ╖ !A!m!■■■■■■№■■■■■■°■■■■■■■№■■■ЇЇЇ■■■№■■■■■■■№■■■■╨╨,m!й!═!"#"I"]"╥"╙"■■■■■№■■K@ё Normal]a .@. Heading 1 Ё< UБ]ck,@, Heading 2 Ё< UБVБ]c(@( Heading 3 Ё<]c"A@Є б"Default Paragraph Font╙╙"    э"Рm!╙" @EРTimes New Roman РSymbol "РArial"РMS Sans Serif"А╨37F37FЪ= 7NParallel Server - a reviewJonathan LewisPre-Installed User ■   ¤   ■   $■                               ■                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Root Entry╬EЁ ╕         └F@╝ЎГб╟╛АWordDocument    .CompObj            jSummaryInformation(        ╠■    ■    ■                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ■       └FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.6Ї9▓q■ рЕЯЄ∙OhлС+'│┘0ЬРШ╝╚рь° $0 X d p|ДМФфParallel Server - a reviewJonathan LewisNormalPre-Installed User1Microsoft Word for WindoDocumentSummaryInformation8             ь                                    ■       └FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8Ї9▓qИфJL Computer Consultancy7 Parallel Server - a reviewws 95@@кjXб╟╛@Ё-|б╟╛Ъ=■ ╒═╒Ь.УЧ+,∙о0╝@Hhp xА ИфJL Computer Consultancy7 Parallel Server - a review